Alzheimer's Disease

Overview

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive brain damage, leading to memory loss, decline in thinking skills, and behavioral changes. It is responsible for 60-80% of dementia cases and is the most common cause of dementia in old age.

In Alzheimer's disease, brain cells are gradually damaged and die. This process progresses silently for years. The disease begins in brain regions associated with memory and spreads to other areas over time. Brain tissue shrinks, brain ventricles (cavities) enlarge, and connections between nerve cells break down, disrupting the transmission of information.

Alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of aging. Mild forgetfulness can occur with normal aging, but in Alzheimer's, memory loss seriously affects daily life. The person forgets familiar places, loses the ability to recognize loved ones, and loses the ability to live independently.

The disease usually begins after age 65 (late-onset Alzheimer's). However, in 5-10% of cases, it can begin before age 65 (early-onset Alzheimer's). Early-onset Alzheimer's generally progresses more quickly and has a strong genetic component.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease. Available treatments can temporarily relieve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Early diagnosis is very important because treatments are most effective in the early stages. Early diagnosis also allows the patient and family to plan for the future.

Approximately 55 million people worldwide are living with dementia, and this number is expected to reach 139 million by 2050. Alzheimer's disease affects not only the patient but also caregivers and the entire family. The burden of caregiving is heavy - physically, emotionally, and financially.

Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is generally divided into three main stages: early stage (mild), middle stage (moderate), and late stage (severe). Each stage involves different symptoms and care needs.

Early Stage (Mild Alzheimer's)

In early-stage Alzheimer's, symptoms are mild and are often confused with normal aging. Memory problems begin, but the person is usually still independent. Forgetting recent events, asking the same questions repeatedly, difficulty remembering names and words, and misplacing objects are commonly seen.

Difficulty with planning and organizing develops. Complex tasks such as managing finances and shopping become challenging. The person is aware of these changes, which can create anxiety, depression, or denial. This stage can last several years.

Middle Stage (Moderate Alzheimer's)

The middle stage of Alzheimer's is typically the longest stage and can last for years. Symptoms become more pronounced and daily life is affected. Memory loss intensifies; the person may forget their own life story, address, or phone number. They may be unable to recognize close family members or friends.

Confusion about time and place increases; they may not know what day, season, or where they are. They need assistance with daily activities such as dressing, eating, and bathing. Behavioral changes become more apparent: agitation, aggression, wandering, and sundowning syndrome (worsening in the evening hours). Sleep disturbances are common. Care needs increase significantly.

Late Stage (Severe Alzheimer's)

In the late stage of Alzheimer's, patients lose the ability to communicate with their surroundings. The ability to speak is severely reduced or lost entirely. The person becomes completely dependent on care; the ability to walk, sit, and swallow is lost. They become bedridden.

Susceptibility to infections increases, particularly aspiration pneumonia (food or liquid entering the lungs during swallowing). Weight loss is common. This stage can last anywhere from a few weeks to several years. Death is usually caused by infection or other complications.